1389 ~ Birthday of Cosimo de Medici, Florentine ruler.

1540 ~ The Jesuit Order received its charter from Pope Paul III.

1722 ~ Birthday of Samuel Adams, Patriot & Brewer.

1917 ~ Death of Edgar Degas, Impressionist painter.

1918 ~ Birthday of Sir Martin Ryle, English physicist and astronomer.

1921 ~ Death of Engelbert Humperdinck, Composer.

1964 ~ The Warren Commission issued a report concluding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone in assassinating President Kennedy.

1996 ~ The Taliban drove the government of Afghani President Burhanuddin Rabbani out of the capital Kabul. They then dragged former leader Mohammad Najibullah out of the U.N. compound and hanged him from a traffic light pole.

1998 ~ The Google web search engine was launched.

2001 ~ An armed man went on a shooting rampage in Zug, Switzerland, killing 14 people before taking his own life.

2009 ~ Death of William Safire, Wordsmith.

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Eudaimonia